解:$ (1)$设小长方形的长为$x,$宽为$y,$
由题意,得$\begin {cases}x + 2y = 15\\3y = x\end {cases}。$
$ (2)$设每枚黄金重$x$两,每枚白银重$y$两,
由题意,得$\begin {cases}9x = 11y\\(10y + x) - (8x + y) = 13\end {cases}。$
$ (3)$设现在甲$x$岁,乙$y$岁,
由题意,得$\begin {cases}y - 10 = x - y\\x - y = 25 - x\end {cases}。$